Livestock Supplies

Farming practices vary dramatically worldwide and between types of animals.

Livestock are generally kept in an enclosure, are fed by human-provided food and are intentionally bred, but some livestock are not enclosed, or are fed by access to natural foods, or are allowed to breed freely, or any combination thereof.

Livestock raising historically was part of a nomadic or pastoral form of material culture. The herding of camels and reindeer in some parts of the world remains unassociated with sedentary agriculture.

The transhumance form of herding in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California still continues, as cattle, sheep or goats are moved from winter pasture in lower elevation valleys to spring pasture and summer pasture in the foothills and alpine regions, as the seasons progress.

Cattle were raised on the open range in the Western United States and Canada, on the Pampas of Argentina, and other prairie and steppe regions of the world.

The enclosure of livestock in pastures and barns is a relatively new development in the history of agriculture.

When cattle are enclosed, the type of ‘enclosure’ may vary from a small crate, a large fenced pasture or a paddock. The type of feed may vary from natural growing grass, to highly sophisticated processed feed.

Animals are usually intentionally bred through artificial insemination or through supervised mating. Indoor production systems are generally used only for pigs and poultry, as well as for veal cattle.

Indoor animals are generally farmed intensively, as large space requirements would make indoor farming unprofitable and impossible.

However, indoor farming systems are controversial due to the waste they produce, odour problems, the potential for groundwater contamination and animal welfare concerns.

Other livestock are farmed outside, although the size of enclosure and level of supervision may vary.

In large open ranges animals may be only occasionally inspected or yarded in "round-ups" or a muster. Working dogs such as sheep dogs and cattle dogs may be used for mustering livestock as are cowboys, stockmen and jackaroos on horses, or with vehicles and also by helicopters.

Since the advent of Barbed Wire in the 1870s and Electric Fence technology, fencing pastures has become much more feasible and pasture management simplified.

Rotation of pasturage is a modern technique for improving nutrition and health while avoiding environmental damage to the land.

In some cases very large numbers of animals may be kept in indoor or outdoor feeding operations such as on feedlots, where the animals' feed is processed, offsite or onsite, and stored on site then fed to the animals.

Livestock - especially cattle - may be branded to indicate ownership and age, but in modern farming identification is more likely to be indicated by means of Ear Tags than branding. Sheep are also frequently marked by means of ear marks and/or ear tags.

As fears of mad cow disease and other epidemic illnesses mount, the use of microchip identification to monitor and trace animals in the food production system is increasingly common, and sometimes required by governmental regulations.

In the UK for example, any joint of beef sold in a supermarket can be tracked back to the farm and the animal that the meat came from just from the barcode.

Modern farming techniques seek to minimize human involvement, increase yield, and improve animal health. Economics, quality and consumer safety all play a role in how animals are raised.

Drug use and feed supplements or even feed type may be regulated, or prohibited, to ensure yield is not increased at the expense of consumer health, safety or animal welfare.

Practices vary around the world, for example growth hormone use is permitted in the United States, but not in stock to be sold to the European Union.

The improvement of health, using modern farming techniques, on the part of animals has come into question.

The US F.D.A. still allows feedlots to feed nonruminant animal proteins to cattle. For example, feeding chicken manure and poultry meal is acceptable for cattle, and beef or pork meat and bone meal is being fed to chickens, although morally, these practices appear to be abhorrent.